TUBERCULIN TESTING Meaning and
Definition
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Tuberculin testing refers to a diagnostic procedure used for the detection of tuberculosis (TB) infection in individuals. It is based on the principle of the body's immune response to the bacteria that cause TB.
The process of tuberculin testing involves the injection of a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin into the skin, usually on the forearm. This protein is derived from the tuberculosis bacteria, specifically the cell wall components. If an individual has been exposed to the TB bacteria, their immune system will have developed a sensitivity to it and will mount a response to the injection site.
After the injection, the individual is required to return within 48-72 hours for a visual examination of the test site. A trained healthcare professional will assess the reaction by measuring the size of the raised area or induration that occurs at the injection site. A positive reaction is indicative of a current or past TB infection. However, it is important to note that a positive tuberculin test does not necessarily equate to active tuberculosis disease, as it may also indicate previous exposure or a latent infection.
Tuberculin testing is an essential tool in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection, especially in countries with a high prevalence of the disease. It aids in identifying individuals who require further evaluation, such as chest X-rays or sputum tests, to determine if active disease is present. Additionally, tuberculin testing is crucial for contact tracing, as it helps identify individuals who have been in close contact with TB-infected individuals and may require preventive treatment.
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Etymology of TUBERCULIN TESTING
The word "tuberculin testing" is derived from the term "tuberculin", which was coined by Robert Koch in the late 19th century. The term originates from the Latin word "tuberculum", meaning a small swelling or tuber, to describe the characteristic formations found in tuberculosis infections.
The suffix "-in" in tuberculin denotes a substance or agent, indicating that tuberculin is a substance related to tuberculosis. Tuberculin refers specifically to a protein extract derived from the bacteria that cause tuberculosis.
When combined with the word "testing", the term "tuberculin testing" thus refers to the process of using the tuberculin skin test, also known as the Mantoux test or PPD (purified protein derivative) test, to determine the presence or past exposure to tuberculosis.
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