Adult respiratory distress syndrome, also known as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is a severe and life-threatening condition characterized by the sudden onset of impaired lung function, resulting in difficulty breathing and insufficient oxygenation of the blood. ARDS typically occurs in response to an acute injury or illness, such as pneumonia, sepsis, major trauma, or aspiration of gastric contents.
The hallmark of adult respiratory distress syndrome is the presence of widespread inflammation and damage to the tiny air sacs in the lungs, known as alveoli. This injury leads to increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, causing fluid leakage into the air spaces. As a result, the lungs become stiff and filled with fluid, leading to decreased oxygen exchange and respiratory failure.
Patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, rapid and shallow breathing, low oxygen levels, and bluish discoloration of the skin and lips. The condition is diagnosed based on clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and specific criteria set forth by the Berlin definition.
Management of adult respiratory distress syndrome involves treating the underlying cause, providing supportive care to ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation, and preventing further complications. Treatment may include supplemental oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and administration of medications to reduce inflammation and fluid accumulation.
Despite advances in medical care, adult respiratory distress syndrome carries a high mortality rate, particularly in cases of severe lung injury. While treatment focuses on immediate management and support, efforts are also made to address the underlying cause and prevent complications that may arise, such as infections, organ dysfunction, or long-term lung damage.
